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Modern Art Movements

From Impressionism to AI-Generated Art — A Century and a Half of Creative Revolution. Slides: Modern Art Movements · Impressionism · Post-Impressionism · Cubism · Expressionism · Dada · Bauhaus · Surrealism · Abstract Expressionism · Pop Art · Minimalism · Conceptual Art · 1960s–present.

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From Impressionism to AI-Generated Art — A Century and a Half of Creative Revolution Key sections include: Modern Art Movements; Impressionism; Post-Impressionism; Cubism; Expressionism; Dada; Bauhaus; Surrealism; Abstract Expressionism; Pop Art.

Key sections

01Modern Art Movements
02Impressionism
03Post-Impressionism
04Cubism
05Expressionism
06Dada
07Bauhaus
08Surrealism
09Abstract Expressionism
10Pop Art
11Minimalism
12Conceptual Art · 1960s–present
13Fluxus & Performance Art
14Land Art
15Postmodern Art
16Neo-Expressionism
17Video Art & Installation
18Street Art Revolution
19Digital Art
20Feminist Art Movement
21Global Contemporary Art
22NFT & Crypto Art
23AI-Generated Art
24Recurring Themes Across Movements

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Slide outline

01Modern Art Movements
02Impressionism
03Post-Impressionism
04Cubism
05Expressionism
06Dada
07Bauhaus
08Surrealism
09Abstract Expressionism
10Pop Art
11Minimalism
12Conceptual Art · 1960s–present
13Fluxus & Performance Art
14Land Art
15Postmodern Art
16Neo-Expressionism
17Video Art & Installation
18Street Art Revolution
19Digital Art
20Feminist Art Movement
21Global Contemporary Art
22NFT & Crypto Art
23AI-Generated Art
24Recurring Themes Across Movements
25Institutions & Markets
26Art Criticism & Theory
27A Century and a Half at a Glance
28What Modern Art Changed
29How to Look at Modern Art
30Modern Art Movements · A Continuing Revolution

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Slide 01

Modern Art Movements

Art History Series
From Impressionism to AI-Generated Art — A Century and a Half of Creative Revolution
Scroll to Explore
01 / 30

Slide 02

Impressionism

1874
Paris · 1860s–1880s
The first modern art movement broke every academic rule: loose brushwork, everyday subjects, the fleeting effects of light. Named mockingly after Monet's "Impression, Sunrise," it became the foundation of modern art.
Rejected by the Paris Salon, Impressionists mounted their own exhibition in 1874 — the beginning of the independent art market.
Key Artists
Claude Monet
Pierre-Auguste Renoir
Edgar Degas
Berthe Morisot
Camille Pissarro
CERULEAN
OCHRE
VIRIDIAN
ROSE
MAUVE
LEMON
02 / 30

Slide 03

Post-Impressionism

1886–1910
Four visionaries took Impressionism's freedoms and pushed them toward something more personal, structural, and emotionally charged — laying the groundwork for every avant-garde movement to follow.
Paul Cézanne
Structural
Reduced nature to cylinders, cones, spheres. His obsessive analysis of form made him "the father of us all" to Picasso and Braque.
Vincent van Gogh
Expressionist
Swirling brushstrokes and electric color to convey inner turmoil. Largely unknown in his lifetime, now among the world's most beloved painters.
Paul Gauguin
Symbolist
Fled to Tahiti seeking "primitive" authenticity. Flat forms, bold outlines, spiritual themes that prefigured Expressionism.
03 / 30

Slide 04

Cubism

1907–1920s
Picasso and Braque shattered the single viewpoint. Objects depicted from multiple angles simultaneously — the most radical departure from Renaissance perspective in 500 years.
"I paint objects as I think them,
not as I see them."
— Pablo Picasso
Proto-Cubism
1907–1908. "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon" — Picasso's breakthrough. African mask influence, fractured forms.
Analytic Cubism
1908–1912. Monochromatic browns and grays. Objects nearly dissolved into planes and facets.
Synthetic Cubism
1912–1920s. Collage introduced. Brighter colors return. Newspapers, wallpaper glued to canvas.
04 / 30

Slide 05

Expressionism

Germany · 1905–1930s
Where Impressionists captured outer light, Expressionists painted inner anguish. Distorted forms, clashing colors, raw emotion — art as psychological scream.
"I have never been able to create my work calmly. It has always been done in the agony of inner conflict."
— Edvard Munch
Key Groups
Die Brücke — Dresden, 1905. Kirchner, Heckel, Schmidt-Rottluff. Raw woodcut aesthetic.
Der Blaue Reiter — Munich, 1911. Kandinsky, Marc, Macke. Spiritual abstraction.
Vienna Secession — Klimt, Schiele. Erotic intensity, decorative richness.
New Objectivity — Post-WWI cynicism. Grosz, Dix. Savage social satire.
05 / 30

Slide 06

Dada

Zürich · 1916–1924
Born in a Zürich cabaret during WWI, Dada was anti-art art. Nonsense, chance operations, readymades — a deliberate assault on logic, reason, and the bourgeois values that led to industrial slaughter.
"The acts of life have no beginning or end. Everything happens in a completely idiotic way."
— Tristan Tzara
ANTI-ART
CHANCE
NONSENSE
COLLAGE
READY-MADE
PROTEST
IRONY
CABARET
Key figures: Marcel Duchamp, Hugo Ball, Emmy Hennings, Hannah Höch, Man Ray, Jean Arp
06 / 30

Slide 07

Bauhaus

Weimar · Dessau · Berlin · 1919–1933
Art + Craft
No hierarchy between fine art and applied craft. Painters trained alongside potters, weavers, and metalworkers.
Form Follows Function
Design should serve human needs. Beauty emerges from purpose, not ornament.
Total Work of Art
Architecture as the culmination of all arts. The building as complete human environment.
Itten, Albers, Klee, Kandinsky — the Bauhaus color and form course revolutionized design education. When the Nazis closed it in 1933, its teachers scattered worldwide, carrying its ideas with them.
07 / 30

Slide 08

Surrealism

Paris · 1924–1960s
André Breton's 1924 Manifesto launched an art movement dedicated to the unconscious mind. Freud's dream theory translated into canvas, film, and literature.
Surrealism sought to resolve waking reality and dream life into a "super-reality" — the surreal.
"The dream is not meaningless, not absurd... it is a perfectly valid psychical phenomenon." — Freud, whose theories Breton devoured
Automatism
Drawing or writing without conscious control. Let the unconscious speak directly.
Juxtaposition
Unexpected combinations — "Beautiful as the chance meeting of a sewing machine and an umbrella on a dissecting table." (Lautréamont)
Dreamscapes
Dali's hyper-realism in impossible contexts. Magritte's philosophical visual puzzles.
The Uncanny
Familiar made strange. De Chirico's empty piazzas. Ernst's forests. Miró's biomorphs.
08 / 30

Slide 09

Abstract Expressionism

New York · 1940s–1950s
WWII refugees flooded New York, and American artists developed the first uniquely American avant-garde: massive canvases, gestural action, pure emotion. The center of the art world shifted from Paris to New York.
Jackson Pollock
Drip Painting
Mark Rothko
Color Field
Franz Kline
Black & White
Lee Krasner
Organic Forms
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Slide 10

Pop Art

UK & USA · 1950s–1970s
Art drawn from advertising, comics, packaging, and celebrity culture. A critique of consumer society that also celebrated it — irreverent, accessible, commercial, revolutionary.
Andy Warhol — Campbell's Soup, Marilyn silkscreens, "15 minutes of fame" · Roy Lichtenstein — Comic panel magnified to gallery scale · Jasper Johns — Flags, targets, maps · Richard Hamilton — Coined the term in UK · David Hockney — California pools, double portraits
POW!
ZAP!
WOW!
BAM!
10 / 30

Slide 11

Minimalism

1960s–1970s · USA
Strip to Essentials
Remove all reference, symbol, illusion. The work is what it is.
Industrial Materials
Steel, bricks, fluorescent tubes. Donald Judd's "specific objects."
Viewer in Space
The relationship between viewer, object, and room is the work.
Key Figures
Donald Judd, Dan Flavin, Carl Andre, Agnes Martin, Frank Stella
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Slide 12

Conceptual Art · 1960s–present

"The idea itself, even if not made visual, is as much a work of art as any finished product."
Language as Art
Joseph Kosuth's "One and Three Chairs" — object, photograph, definition. What is the real chair?
Instructions as Art
Yoko Ono's "Instruction Paintings." Sol LeWitt's wall drawings executed by others.
Documentation
The artwork exists in documentation of an action. The gallery holds records, not objects.
"Duchamp's urinal was the original provocation — if I choose it, it's art."
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Slide 13

Fluxus & Performance Art

1960s–present
Art as event, as living action. George Maciunas launched Fluxus in 1962 — international, irreverent, anti-commercial. "Life is art, art is life."
Performance art made the artist's body the medium. Marina Abramović tested endurance and presence. Chris Burden was shot for art.
Marina Abramović
Yoko Ono
Chris Burden
Joseph Beuys
Nam June Paik
1962 · Fluxus Festival
Wiesbaden, Germany. Music, poetry, happenings. Maciunas defines the movement as "purge bourgeois sickness."
1974 · Rhythm 0
Abramović stands passive for 6 hours. Audience given 72 objects including a gun. Social experiment becomes legend.
1971 · Beuys Social Sculpture
"Every human being is an artist." Art as transformative social force, not gallery object.
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Slide 14

Land Art

1960s–present · USA & Beyond
Art made with and in the natural landscape — too big for galleries, often in remote deserts. A rejection of the commercial art market. Nature as both medium and gallery.
Works erode, flood, and change with seasons — time built into the art itself.
Spiral Jetty — Robert Smithson (1970)
6,650 tons of basalt forming a 1,500-foot coil in Utah's Great Salt Lake. Appears and disappears with water levels.
The Lightning Field — Walter De Maria (1977)
400 stainless steel poles across New Mexico desert. Lightning as artistic event. Visitors stay one night.
Wrapped Coastline — Christo (1969)
1.24 million sq ft of erosion-control fabric wrapped around Little Bay, Sydney. Scale as artwork.
Sun Tunnels — Nancy Holt (1976)
Four concrete tubes aligned to solstice sunrises and sunsets in the Utah desert.
14 / 30

Slide 15

Postmodern Art

1970s–2000s
Appropriation
Sherrie Levine re-photographed Walker Evans's photographs. Who owns an image? What is originality?
Deconstruction
All "grand narratives" are suspect. Art exposes the constructed nature of identity, gender, race, and power.
Hybridity
No pure styles — pastiche, irony, mixing high and low culture. Koons's stainless balloon animals in auction rooms.
Identity Politics
Art as platform for marginalized voices. Guerrilla Girls, ACT UP posters, queer art, postcolonial perspectives.
Jean Baudrillard
Simulation & Simulacra
Jacques Derrida
Deconstruction
Michel Foucault
Power / Knowledge
Jean-François Lyotard
End of Metanarratives
15 / 30

Slide 16

Neo-Expressionism

1970s–1980s · Global
A return to painting, figuration, and raw emotion after the cool detachment of conceptualism and minimalism. Messy, urgent, unapologetic.
Three scenes emerged independently: Germany's Neue Wilden, Italy's Transavanguardia, and the New York East Village.
Jean-Michel Basquiat
USA · New York
Graffiti-trained. Race, identity, mortality — raw poetry on canvas. Died at 27 in 1988.
Georg Baselitz
Germany · Neue Wilden
Painted figures upside down to free form from content. Deliberately crude, monumental.
Francesco Clemente
Italy · Transavanguardia
Personal mythology, the body as spiritual landscape. East-West synthesis.
Anselm Kiefer
Germany · History painter
Germany's Nazi past confronted with scale, lead, ash, and straw. Monumental guilt.
16 / 30

Slide 17

Video Art & Installation

1960s–present
Nam June Paik plugged a magnet into a TV set in 1963 and created the first video art. The screen became canvas. Immersive installation transformed the gallery into an environment.
Nam June PaikTV Garden, 1974 — 33 plants and monitors. Pioneer of video as art medium.
Bill ViolaSlow-motion video as meditation on birth, death, and consciousness.
Bruce NaumanCorridors, neon, video. The gallery as disorienting psychological space.
James TurrellLight and perception — rooms where light seems solid and space dissolves.
Video as primary medium
Expanded Cinema
Gene Youngblood's 1970 book predicted art dissolving into life through new media — TV, computers, expanded consciousness.
Immersive installation
Environment as Art
Yayoi Kusama's infinity rooms, Olafur Eliasson's weather project — the viewer inside the artwork.
17 / 30

Slide 18

Street Art Revolution

1970s–present
From New York subway cars to gallery auctions — graffiti grew from urban outlaw act to global art movement. Public space as democratic canvas.
The streets asked: Who owns public space? Whose images fill the city? Street art answers with unauthorized beauty, wit, and protest.
Banksy
Anonymous UK-based artist. Political stencils in unexpected locations. Shredded his own work at Sotheby's. Market value: millions.
Keith Haring
NYC subway chalk drawings went global. Bold outlines, dancing figures. AIDS activism made visible.
Massive photographic portraits in conflict zones, favelas, borders. TED Prize winner. "Art changes the world."
KAWS
Hijacked bus stop ads in the 1990s. Now: 18-meter inflatable sculptures at Art Basel.
18 / 30

Slide 19

Digital Art

1960s–present
From Vera Molnár's 1968 computer drawings to today's AI-generated images — digital tools transformed what it means to make art. The pixel became the brushstroke.
Generative Art
Algorithms create form. Manfred Mohr's geometric structures since 1969.
Net Art
1990s internet as medium. JODI, 0100101110101101.ORG — art that lives online.
3D & VR
Virtual reality as gallery. Art that exists only in digital space — no original, infinite copies.
The NFT boom of 2021 created a provenance system for digital art — Beeple's "Everydays" sold for $69 million at Christie's. The debate: is scarcity meaningful when the work can be copied infinitely?
19 / 30

Slide 20

Feminist Art Movement

1960s–present
Consciousness-raising in canvas and installation. Women artists demanded visibility and challenged the male-dominated art world and its histories.
Judy Chicago's "The Dinner Party" (1974–79) — triangular table with 39 place settings for 39 historical women. The question: why has art history forgotten them?
Judy Chicago
The Dinner Party — monumental celebration of women's history through ceramics and needlework.
Barbara Kruger
"Your body is a battleground." Bold graphic text art confronting power and gender.
Cindy Sherman
Self-portraits as countless characters — exploring female identity as social performance.
Guerrilla Girls
Anonymous activists in gorilla masks. Data-driven posters exposing sexism in art institutions since 1985.
20 / 30

Slide 21

Global Contemporary Art

1990s–present
Americas
Kara Walker — slavery's shadow histories in silhouette
Gabriel Orozco — everyday objects transformed
Doris Salcedo — trauma and memory in furniture
Kerry James Marshall — Black figuration reclaimed
Asia-Pacific
Ai Weiwei — political activism as art form
Takashi Murakami — superflat, manga, high-low blur
Yayoi Kusama — polka dots and infinity rooms
Nalini Malani — video and myth from India
Africa & Middle East
El Anatsui — bottle caps woven into tapestries
Yinka Shonibare — colonial history unpacked
Shirin Neshat — Iran, exile, and female identity
William Kentridge — apartheid's aftermath in drawing
Decolonization
Diaspora Identity
Climate Crisis
Technology
Memory & Trauma
Gender & Sexuality
21 / 30

Slide 22

NFT & Crypto Art

2017–present
Non-fungible tokens gave digital art a scarcity mechanism. For the first time, digital works could be "owned" with verifiable provenance on the blockchain.
The result: a $41 billion market in 2021, followed by a 97% crash by 2022 — the fastest boom-bust in art market history.
The deeper question remains unanswered: Is a JPEG worth $69 million if it can be copied by right-clicking? Art and ownership have never been so philosophically entangled.
2017
CryptoPunks launch — 10,000 pixel characters on Ethereum. Free to claim.
2017
CryptoKitties goes viral, clogs Ethereum network.
2021
Beeple's "Everydays: The First 5000 Days" — $69.3M at Christie's. First NFT at major auction house.
2021
Bored Ape Yacht Club launches. Celebrity culture meets blockchain collectibles.
2022
Market collapses with crypto winter. 97% loss of NFT market value.
2023+
Artists continue using blockchain for provenance, royalties, and community — minus hype.
22 / 30

Slide 23

AI-Generated Art

2015–present · The New Frontier
Generative Adversarial Networks, diffusion models, and large language models can now produce images indistinguishable from human work. Creativity itself is being questioned.
DALL-E
OpenAI, 2021. Text-to-image.
Midjourney
Discord-based. Aesthetic power. 2022.
Stable Diffusion
Open source. 2022. Community tools.
Adobe Firefly
Commercial, rights-cleared training data.
Key Debates
Training data scraped from living artists without consent or compensation
What is "creativity" if a machine can generate 1,000 variations in seconds?
Jason Allen's "Théâtre D'Opéra Spatial" won Colorado art competition — using Midjourney
Courts divided: is AI output copyrightable? (Current US ruling: no)
New roles emerging: AI art director, prompt engineer, curator of infinite outputs
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Slide 24

Recurring Themes Across Movements

Rejection of the Past
Every movement defines itself against what came before. Impressionists vs. Academy, Dadaists vs. reason, Postmodernists vs. Modernist purity.
Impressionism, Dada, Conceptualism, Street Art
Technology as Medium
Photography freed painting from representation. Film expanded time. Video multiplied screens. AI generates on demand.
Bauhaus, Video Art, Digital Art, AI Art
Politics & Power
Art as protest, as record, as imagination of alternatives. From Expressionist anti-war feeling to Feminist reclamation to climate activism.
Expressionism, Postmodernism, Feminist Art, Street Art
The Inner Life
The unconscious, dreams, trauma, spiritual experience — Surrealism, Expressionism, and Abstract Expressionism all turn inward.
Surrealism, Expressionism, AbEx, Performance Art
24 / 30

Slide 25

Institutions & Markets

Where Art Lives & Sells
MoMA, New York
Est. 1929
Founded to champion modernism when it was radical. Now defines what "modern art" means globally.
Tate Modern, London
Est. 2000
Bankside power station transformed. Most-visited modern art museum in the world: 6 million/year.
Centre Pompidou, Paris
Est. 1977
Inside-out architecture as radical statement. Europe's premier collection of modern and contemporary.
Guggenheim, Bilbao
Est. 1997
Gehry's titanium curves revived a declining industrial city — the "Bilbao Effect" on urban regeneration.
Art Basel
Est. 1970
World's premier art fair — Basel, Miami, Hong Kong. Where galleries meet collectors and prices are set.
Venice Biennale
Est. 1895
Oldest international art exhibition. National pavilions as cultural diplomacy. The art world's Olympics.
The contemporary art market reaches $65 billion annually. Sotheby's and Christie's set records with Basquiat, Hockney, Kusama. Meanwhile, emerging art fairs in Lagos, Seoul, and Jakarta signal a rebalancing of the global art center.
25 / 30

Slide 26

Art Criticism & Theory

How We Understand Art
Every artwork generates discourse. Critics and theorists shape what gets seen, valued, and remembered. The frame around a work is as powerful as the work itself.
From Greenberg's formalism to bell hooks' feminist gaze — critical theory changes how we look and what we see.
Clement Greenberg
Championed Abstract Expressionism and formalism — art about art's own properties. Shaped 1950s American taste.
John Berger
"Ways of Seeing" (1972) — how context, gender, and capitalism determine how we look at images. BBC series, essential text.
Rosalind Krauss
October magazine co-founder. Applied semiotics and psychoanalysis to minimalism and postmodernism.
bell hooks
The oppositional gaze — how Black women look back at images that exclude or distort them. Art and liberation.
26 / 30

Slide 27

A Century and a Half at a Glance

1860s–80s
Impressionism
Paris. Light, color, everyday life.
1880s–1910
Post-Impressionism & Symbolism
Cézanne, van Gogh, Gauguin, Redon.
1900s–1920s
Fauvism, Cubism, Futurism
Color liberation. Multiple perspectives. Speed.
1905–1930s
Expressionism (Die Brücke, Der Blaue Reiter)
Emotional distortion. Inner anguish made visible.
1916–1924
Dada
Anti-art. Chance. Protest against WWI destruction.
1919–1933
Bauhaus
Art + craft + function. Design revolution.
1924–1966
Surrealism
Dreams, the unconscious, the uncanny.
1940s–50s
Abstract Expressionism
New York as new center. Pure gesture and emotion.
1950s–70s
Pop Art, Minimalism, Conceptualism
Consumer culture. Stripped down. Ideas over objects.
1960s–80s
Land Art, Fluxus, Performance, Video
Body, earth, time as medium.
1970s–90s
Postmodernism, Neo-Expressionism, Feminist Art
Appropriation, identity, political urgency.
1990s–2020s
Global Contemporary, Street Art, Digital, NFT
Decentralized, networked, borderless.
2020s–
AI-Generated Art
Machines as co-creators. Authorship redefined.
27 / 30

Slide 28

What Modern Art Changed

🏛️
The Art Market
Independent exhibitions, galleries, auctions, art fairs — modern movements created the commercial infrastructure we still use. The artist as brand emerged with Warhol.
Design & Visual Culture
Bauhaus principles in your iPhone. Cubist space in every logo. Surrealist imagery in every fashion campaign. Modern art is the visual grammar of everyday life.
Global Perspectives
The art world de-centered from Paris-New York axis. Lagos, Seoul, Mumbai, Mexico City artists now shape international discourse.
What Art Is
Duchamp's urinal still hasn't been answered. Modern movements permanently expanded the definition of art to include everything and anything — which is both the problem and the point.
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Slide 29

How to Look at Modern Art

Give It Time
Resist the urge to immediately label or dismiss. Sit with a work. What does your eye do? What feelings arise before your intellect intervenes?
Ask What Problem It's Solving
Every movement responds to something. What was the artist reacting against? What constraints were they pushing through?
Read the Context
When was it made? Where? What was happening in the world? Art doesn't exist in a vacuum — history saturates every choice of color and form.
Trust Your Response
You don't need expert validation to feel something. Your genuine response — confusion, joy, discomfort, boredom — is data about the work.
Let It Change Your Seeing
After Cézanne, you'll never look at an apple the same way. After Impressionism, you'll notice how light changes everything. Good art rewires perception.
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Slide 30

Modern Art Movements · A Continuing Revolution

"Every child is an artist. The problem is how to remain an artist once we grow up."
— Pablo Picasso
From Monet's water lilies to Midjourney's infinite outputs — the fundamental impulse is unchanged: to see more clearly, feel more deeply, and imagine things otherwise.
30 / 30

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