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Operating Systems

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whoami Key sections include: OPERATING SYSTEMS; timeline of major systems; 1964 — multics; 1969 — unix; the pdp-11 era; 1981 — ms-dos; 1984 — macintosh / mac os; windows lineage; 1991 — linux; the BSDs.

Key sections

  • 01OPERATING SYSTEMS
  • 02timeline of major systems
  • 031964 — multics
  • 041969 — unix
  • 05the pdp-11 era
  • 061981 — ms-dos
  • 071984 — macintosh / mac os
  • 08windows lineage
  • 091991 — linux
  • 10the BSDs
  • 11process & scheduling
  • 12virtual memory
  • 13file systems
  • 14mobile operating systems
  • 15kernel architectures, in art
  • 16watch this
  • 17glossary
  • 18open problems

Topics covered

technologyoperatingsystems

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Slide outline
  1. 01OPERATING SYSTEMS
  2. 02timeline of major systems
  3. 031964 — multics
  4. 041969 — unix
  5. 05the pdp-11 era
  6. 061981 — ms-dos
  7. 071984 — macintosh / mac os
  8. 08windows lineage
  9. 091991 — linux
  10. 10the BSDs
  11. 11process & scheduling
  12. 12virtual memory
  13. 13file systems
  14. 14mobile operating systems
  15. 15kernel architectures, in art
  16. 16watch this
  17. 17glossary
  18. 18open problems
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Updated
2026-05-17
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Presentation Transcript

Detailed slide-by-slide text content extracted from this presentation.

Slide 01

timeline of major systems

  • yearsystemnote
  • 1964MulticsMIT/Bell/GE — too ambitious, hugely influential
  • 1969UNIXThompson + Ritchie at Bell Labs, on a PDP-7
  • 1973UNIX in CUNIX rewritten in the brand-new C language
  • 1981MS-DOS 1.0licensed to IBM PC
  • 19834.2BSDTCP/IP, sockets, fast file system
  • 1984System 1Macintosh — bitmapped, mouse-driven
  • 1985Windows 1.0shell over DOS
  • 1991Linux 0.01Torvalds, comp.os.minix announcement
  • 1993Windows NT 3.1preemptive multitasking, NTFS
  • 2001Mac OS X 10.0Mach + BSD + NeXTSTEP
  • 2007iPhone OSDarwin-based mobile fork
  • 2008Android 1.0Linux + Java + Apache user space
Slide 02

1964 — multics

  • Multiplexed Information and Computing Service. A joint MIT / Bell Labs / GE project to build a "computer utility" — time-sharing, hierarchical file systems, segment-based virtual memory, security rings. Bell Labs withdrew in 1969 because it was too late and too expensive. Two of those researchers, Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie, then went off to do something simpler.
Slide 03

1969 — unix

  • Thompson, Ritchie, McIlroy, Ossanna and others at Bell Labs. The first version ran on a discarded PDP-7 in summer 1969. By 1973 it was rewritten in C. Key ideas, all of them now ubiquitous:
  • "Everything is a file" — pipes, devices, sockets all in the FS namespace.
  • Small composable programs joined by pipes.
  • Hierarchical filesystem with a single root.
  • fork() / exec() process model.
  • Portable kernel written in a high-level language.
  • /* the most quoted UNIX line, K&R C */
  • main() {
  • printf("hello, world\n");
Slide 04

the pdp-11 era

  • UNIX V6 (1975) and V7 (1979) ran on the PDP-11. The 1976 publication of John Lions's A Commentary on the UNIX Operating System spread the V6 source through xerox copies for a decade. Later, AT&T's lawyers banned redistribution; the BSDs grew up around the original code.
  • +-------------+
  • | PDP-11/70 |
Slide 05

1981 — ms-dos

  • Tim Paterson wrote QDOS at Seattle Computer Products in 1980; Microsoft bought it for $50,000 in July 1981 and licensed it to IBM as PC-DOS 1.0 that August. Single-tasking, real-mode, 640 KB. Ran the world from 1981 to roughly 1995.
  • C:\> DIR /W
  • Volume in drive C is HARD DISK
  • Directory of C:\
  • COMMAND.COM AUTOEXEC.BAT CONFIG.SYS DOS<DIR>
  • 4 file(s) 96340 bytes
  • 527294464 bytes free
Slide 06

1984 — macintosh / mac os

  • System 1 booted from a 400 KB floppy on a 128 KB Mac. Bitmapped display, single-button mouse, cooperative multitasking via the Process Manager. Successive systems through Mac OS 9 (1999) added preemption sparingly. Mac OS X 10.0 "Cheetah" (March 2001) replaced the kernel with the XNU hybrid (Mach 3.0 microkernel + BSD personality), Cocoa over NEXTSTEP/OpenStep, Quartz graphics.
  • releaseyear
  • System 1.0 → 9.2.21984–2001
  • Mac OS X 10.0 Cheetah2001
  • OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard2009
  • macOS 11 Big Sur (ARM)2020
  • macOS 15 Sequoia2024
Slide 07

windows lineage

  • Two parallel families until 2001:
  • 9x line: Windows 1.0 (1985) → 3.0 (1990) → 95 → 98 → ME (2000). DOS underneath.
  • NT line: Windows NT 3.1 (1993, Dave Cutler from DEC) → NT 4 → 2000 → XP (2001) → 7 → 10 → 11.
  • NT introduced a hybrid kernel, NTFS, the registry, and a hardware abstraction layer that let it run on x86, MIPS, Alpha, PowerPC, and later ARM.
Slide 08

1991 — linux

  • Linus Torvalds, comp.os.minix, August 25, 1991:
  • From: torvalds@klaava.Helsinki.FI (Linus Benedict Torvalds)
  • Subject: What would you like to see most in minix?
  • Date: 25 Aug 91 20:57:08 GMT
  • I'm doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby,
  • won't be big and professional like gnu) for 386(486)
  • AT clones. ... Any suggestions are welcome, but I won't
  • promise I'll implement them :-)
  • Version 0.01 was 10,239 lines. Linux today is the operating system of the Linux Foundation's TOP500 cluster (100% Linux since 2018), Android phones, embedded routers, AWS/GCP/Azure, your fridge, and a small but devoted desktop population.
Slide 09

the BSDs

  • BSDfocus
  • FreeBSDPerformance, server use; powers Netflix CDN
  • OpenBSDSecurity; OpenSSH, LibreSSL, sudo replacement
  • NetBSDPortability — runs on toasters, allegedly
  • DragonFlyBSDHammer FS, threading research
  • macOS, iOS, the Sony PlayStation OS, and parts of Microsoft's networking stack all derive from BSD code.
Slide 10

process & scheduling

  • +-------+ fork() +-------+
  • | proc | ----------> | proc |
  • | (parent) | (child)
  • +---+---+ +---+---+
  • | |
  • | wait() | exec()
  • v v
  • blocked new program text
  • Modern Linux uses CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler) since 2.6.23 (2007); the EEVDF scheduler replaced it in 6.6 (2023). macOS uses a Mach-based timeshare with grand central dispatch in user space. Windows scheduling is priority-based with multilevel feedback queues and processor groups.
Slide 11

virtual memory

  • virtual addr ----> +----+ ----> +----+ ----> +----+ ----> physical
  • | PML4| | PDP | | PD | | PT |
  • +----+ +----+ +----+ +----+
  • 4 KB / 2 MB / 1 GB pages on x86_64
  • The MMU translates each virtual address through 4 (or 5, on Ice Lake +) levels of page tables. The TLB caches recent translations. Modern systems handle ~100 GB of RAM with ~0.1% overhead.
Slide 12

file systems

  • FSyearfamilynote
  • FFS1984BSDcylinder groups, fast metadata
  • NTFS1993Windowsjournaling, ACLs
  • ext42008Linuxextents, default for years
  • ZFS2005Solaris/BSDcopy-on-write, checksums, RAID-Z
  • btrfs2009Linuxcopy-on-write, snapshots
  • APFS2017macOS/iOScopy-on-write, encryption
Slide 13

mobile operating systems

  • iOS (2007) — Darwin kernel (XNU), Cocoa Touch, sandboxed apps. Renamed iPhone OS 1, 2, 3 then iOS from 4. Watchm tvOS, visionOS all share the Darwin lineage.
  • Android (2008) — Linux kernel, Bionic libc, ART runtime. AOSP is open; Google Mobile Services (GMS) is the proprietary layer.
  • HarmonyOS NEXT (2024) — Huawei's first non-Linux release since the U.S. ban; microkernel-based.
Slide 14

kernel architectures, in art

  • monolithic microkernel hybrid
  • +----------+ +----+ +----+ +----------+
  • |kernel | | FS | | NET| | NT |
  • | + drivers| +----+ +----+ | exec/io |
  • | + FS, IPC| +-----------+ +----+----+
  • +----------+ | microkern | | drv,gfx |
  • Linux, BSD | (msg pass)| +---------+
  • +-----------+ Windows NT,
  • Minix, QNX, L4 macOS XNU
Slide 15

watch this

  • More: ken thompson computerphile
Slide 16

glossary

  • termdef
  • kernelthe core OS code running in privileged CPU mode.
  • syscallcontrolled entry from user code into the kernel.
  • ABIapplication binary interface — calling conventions, syscall numbers.
  • IPCinter-process communication: pipes, sockets, shared memory, mqueues.
  • cgroupLinux resource grouping; basis for containers.
  • namespaceper-process view of system resources; with cgroups → containers.
Slide 17

open problems

  • Memory-safe kernels: Rust for Linux landed in 6.1 (2022) and is growing.
  • Confidential computing: TDX, SEV-SNP, Apple Private Cloud Compute.
  • Specialized OSes for unikernels, serverless, AI inference.
  • The desktop OS — three players (Microsoft, Apple, Linux) is probably stable.
  • Driver support remains the central blocker to non-Linux open OSes (Haiku, Redox, SerenityOS).
  • logout_
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