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Migration — A Species on the Move

A species on the move

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A species on the move Key sections include: MIGRATION; Out of Africa; The Bering Land Bridge; The Indo-European Expansion; The Bantu Expansion; Polynesian Expansion; The Atlantic Slave Trade; The Great European Emigration; Partitions and Refugees; Postwar Labour Migration.

Key sections

01MIGRATION
02Out of Africa
03The Bering Land Bridge
04The Indo-European Expansion
05The Bantu Expansion
06Polynesian Expansion
07The Atlantic Slave Trade
08The Great European Emigration
09Partitions and Refugees
10Postwar Labour Migration
11The Twenty-First-Century Crises
12The Patterns of the Present
13References & Further Voyaging

Topics covered

catalog culture migration

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Slide outline

01MIGRATION
02Out of Africa
03The Bering Land Bridge
04The Indo-European Expansion
05The Bantu Expansion
06Polynesian Expansion
07The Atlantic Slave Trade
08The Great European Emigration
09Partitions and Refugees
10Postwar Labour Migration
11The Twenty-First-Century Crises
12The Patterns of the Present
13References & Further Voyaging

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Updated: 2026-05-17
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Presentation Transcript

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Slide 01

An Antique Atlas of Human Movement

❦
MIGRATION
A species on the move
❦
Compiled in the year of our Lord MMXXVI

Slide 02

Out of Africa

~70,000 years ago
The Genetic Record
Modern Homo sapiens arose in East Africa some 300,000 years ago. A successful dispersal across the Bab-el-Mandeb strait around 70,000 years ago seeded every non-African population alive today.
Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA trace this exodus to a small founder group — perhaps a few thousand individuals — whose descendants reached Australia by 50,000 BP and Europe by 45,000 BP.
~2%
Neanderthal DNA in non-Africans

Slide 03

The Bering Land Bridge

~25,000 – 15,000 BP
Peopling of the Americas
During the Last Glacial Maximum, sea levels fell some 120 metres, exposing a thousand-mile-wide isthmus between Siberia and Alaska. Mammoth hunters followed game across this Mammoth Steppe.
Genetic and archaeological evidence (Monte Verde, Cooper's Ferry) now suggests a coastal kelp-highway dispersal as well, reaching the southern cone of Patagonia by ~14,500 BP.
15,000
Miles, Beringia to Tierra del Fuego

Slide 04

The Indo-European Expansion

~3500 BC
Horses, Wheels, and Steppe Ancestry
From the Pontic-Caspian steppe — between the Black and Caspian seas — the Yamnaya pastoralists radiated outward with domesticated horses, wheeled wagons, and a proto-language whose daughters now span from Iceland to Bengal.
Ancient DNA reveals a startling demographic turnover: by 2500 BC, Bronze Age Britain's gene pool was overwhelmingly replaced by steppe-derived ancestry within a few centuries.
"The horse was the steam-engine of the Bronze Age."

Slide 05

The Bantu Expansion

~3000 BC – 500 AD
Iron, Yams, and Southern Africa
From a homeland near the Cameroon-Nigeria border, Bantu-speaking farmers carried iron metallurgy, yam and oil-palm cultivation, and a tightly related family of languages across nearly a third of the African continent.
Today some 350 million people speak one of approximately 500 Bantu languages — Swahili, Zulu, Xhosa, Shona, Kikuyu among them.
~500
Bantu languages descended

Slide 06

Polynesian Expansion

~1000 BC – 1300 AD
The Pacific Colonized by Canoe and Stars
Of all human migrations, none required greater navigational courage than the Austronesian conquest of the Pacific. Voyaging in double-hulled outrigger canoes, Polynesians read the swells, the stars, and the flight-paths of birds.
From Tonga and Samoa they reached the Marquesas, then Hawaiʻi (~400 AD), Rapa Nui (~900 AD), and finally Aotearoa / New Zealand (~1300 AD) — the last great landmass discovered by humans.
10M km2
Of ocean settled
Double-hulled voyaging canoe under the Southern Cross

Slide 07

The Atlantic Slave Trade

~1500 – 1870
Forced Displacement Across an Ocean
Over nearly four centuries, an estimated 12.5 million Africans were forcibly embarked aboard European ships bound for the Americas. Some 10.7 million survived the Middle Passage.
Brazil received roughly 4.9 million; the Caribbean colonies 4 million; Spanish America 1.3 million; and what is now the United States approximately 388,000. The trade reshaped three continents and built the wealth of empires.
12.5M
Africans displaced
~15%
Perished during Middle Passage

Slide 08

The Great European Emigration

~1820 – 1920
Sixty Million Leave the Old World
Steam, steel, and starvation drove the largest voluntary migration in human history. The Irish Famine, German revolutions of 1848, and Russian pogroms expelled millions; the railroads, factories, and pampas of the New World absorbed them.
~37M to the United States
~7M to Argentina
~5M to Canada
~4M to Brazil
~4M to Australia & New Zealand

Slide 09

Partitions and Refugees

1947 · 1948 · 1971
Lines on Maps, Rivers of People
The retreating empires of the twentieth century left in their wake some of history's most violent population transfers, as new borders carved through ancient communities.
India & Pakistan, 1947
Approximately 14 million displaced across the Radcliffe Line in the months following partition. Estimates of dead range from several hundred thousand to over a million. Trains arrived at Lahore and Amritsar carrying nothing but the slain.
Palestine, 1948
The Nakba: roughly 700,000 Palestinian Arabs fled or were expelled during the war attending Israel's founding. Their descendants — over five million today — remain registered with UNRWA.
Bangladesh, 1971
The Bangladesh Liberation War sent some 10 million refugees fleeing into India, the largest single refugee movement of the twentieth century.

Slide 10

Postwar Labour Migration

1945 – 1990
Guest-workers and the Reconstructed West
Europe's postwar economic miracle ran on imported muscle. West Germany's Gastarbeiter programme, France's recruitment from the Maghreb, and Britain's invitation to the Caribbean and South Asia transformed European demography permanently.
Turkey → Germany: ~870,000 by 1973; over 3 million Turkish-Germans today.
Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia → France: several millions, reshaping French cities.
Caribbean → Britain: the Windrush generation, beginning 1948.
Mexico → United States: the Bracero Program (1942-1964) and beyond.
"We asked for workers; we got people instead." — Max Frisch

Slide 11

The Twenty-First-Century Crises

2011 – present
Syria, Venezuela, Ukraine — and the Climate
The 2010s broke records for human displacement. By 2024 the UNHCR counted over 120 million forcibly displaced people — more than at any point since the Second World War.
~6.8M
Syrian refugees abroad
~7.8M
Venezuelans abroad
~6.5M
Ukrainian refugees in Europe
And on the horizon, a new driver: the climate. The World Bank projects up to 216 million internal climate migrants across six world regions by 2050 in a high-emissions scenario.
"The first climate refugees are already on the road. They simply do not yet have the name."

Slide 12

The Patterns of the Present

Today
Brain Drain, Remittances, Demography
Remittances
Money sent home by migrants now exceeds foreign aid manyfold. In 2024 the World Bank recorded over $800 billion in remittance flows to low- and middle-income countries — for many nations, the single largest source of foreign exchange.
$800B+
Annual remittances
Brain Drain & Demographic Balancing
Aging societies — Japan, Italy, South Korea, Germany — face shrinking workforces while sub-Saharan Africa adds a billion working-age people by 2050. Migration is the demographic equation's missing variable.
Doctors leave Lagos for London; engineers leave Bengaluru for the Bay Area; nurses leave Manila for everywhere. The wealthy nations import skill at the cost of those who paid to train it.
Of the eight billion alive today, roughly 281 million live outside the country of their birth — a population larger than Indonesia.

Slide 13

References & Further Voyaging

❦
Selected Reading
Who We Are and How We Got Here — David Reich (2018)
The Horse, the Wheel, and Language — David W. Anthony (2007)
Sea People: The Puzzle of Polynesia — Christina Thompson (2019)
The Slave Trade — Hugh Thomas (1997)
The Age of Mass Migration — Hatton & Williamson (1998)
Midnight's Furies — Nisid Hajari (2015)
The Next Great Migration — Sonia Shah (2020)
Online Sources
Slave Voyages Database — slavevoyages.org
UNHCR Global Trends Report
World Bank Migration & Remittance Data
IOM World Migration Report
The Genographic Project Archive
Watch
YouTube: "human migration history"
YouTube: "out of africa migration"
❦
Finis

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