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World Religions / The Major Answers

A comparative survey of how humanity has answered the oldest questions: who are we, why are we here, and how should we live.

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A comparative survey of how humanity has answered the oldest questions: who are we, why are we here, and how should we live. Key sections include: WORLD RELIGIONS / The major answers; Hinduism; Buddhism; Judaism; Christianity; Islam; Sikhism; Bahá’í, Jain, Zoroastrian & Indigenous Traditions; Common Patterns Across Traditions; Conceptions of Divinity, Salvation, Time.

Key sections

  • 01WORLD RELIGIONS / The major answers
  • 02Hinduism
  • 03Buddhism
  • 04Judaism
  • 05Christianity
  • 06Islam
  • 07Sikhism
  • 08Bahá’í, Jain, Zoroastrian & Indigenous Traditions
  • 09Common Patterns Across Traditions
  • 10Conceptions of Divinity, Salvation, Time
  • 11The Rise of the Religiously Unaffiliated
  • 12Religion’s Persistence
  • 13Closing & References

Topics covered

catalogculturereligions

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Slide outline
  1. 01WORLD RELIGIONS / The major answers
  2. 02Hinduism
  3. 03Buddhism
  4. 04Judaism
  5. 05Christianity
  6. 06Islam
  7. 07Sikhism
  8. 08Bahá’í, Jain, Zoroastrian & Indigenous Traditions
  9. 09Common Patterns Across Traditions
  10. 10Conceptions of Divinity, Salvation, Time
  11. 11The Rise of the Religiously Unaffiliated
  12. 12Religion’s Persistence
  13. 13Closing & References
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Slide 01

WORLD RELIGIONS / The major answers

  • An Illuminated Atlas of Faiths
  • A comparative survey of how humanity has answered the oldest questions: who are we, why are we here, and how should we live.
  • ✿
  • Thirteen Folios · Comparative Overview
Slide 02

India · c. 1500 BCE → ongoing

  • Folio II · Of the Sanatana Dharma
  • Hinduism
  • Adherents~1.2 billion
  • ScriptureVedas, Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita
  • OriginIndus Valley · South Asia
  • Dharma — right conduct, duty woven into the order of the world
  • Karma — action and its echo across lives
  • Moksha — liberation from the wheel of rebirth
  • Many paths (bhakti, jnana, karma yoga) toward one ultimate reality (Brahman)
  • “You have the right to action, but never to its fruits.” — Bhagavad Gita 2.47
  • WORLD RELIGIONSHINDUISM
Slide 03

India / Asia · c. 5th c. BCE

  • Folio III · The Middle Way
  • Buddhism
  • Adherents~500 million
  • FounderSiddhartha Gautama, the Buddha
  • SchoolsTheravada, Mahayana, Vajrayana
  • Four Noble Truths — suffering, its cause, its end, the path
  • Eightfold Path — right view, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, concentration
  • Anatta & Anicca — no fixed self; all things impermanent
  • Nirvana — the unbinding from craving and rebirth
  • “All conditioned things are impermanent — work out your own salvation with diligence.” — the Buddha’s last words
  • WORLD RELIGIONSBUDDHISM
Slide 04

Levant · c. 2nd millennium BCE

  • Folio IV · The Covenant People
  • Judaism
  • Adherents~15 million
  • ScriptureTorah, Tanakh, Talmud
  • BranchesOrthodox, Conservative, Reform
  • Covenant — a binding relationship between God and Israel
  • Torah — the law and teaching, foundation of life and ethics
  • The Prophets — voices of justice (Isaiah, Jeremiah, Amos)
  • Shema — “Hear, O Israel: the Lord our God, the Lord is one.”
  • “Justice, justice shall you pursue.” — Deuteronomy 16:20
  • WORLD RELIGIONSJUDAISM
Slide 05

Roman Levant · 1st century CE

  • Folio V · The Three Branches
  • Christianity
  • Adherents~2.4 billion (largest)
  • ScriptureOld & New Testaments
  • FounderJesus of Nazareth
  • Trinity — one God in three persons: Father, Son, Holy Spirit
  • Atonement — Christ’s death and resurrection reconcile God and humanity
  • Love of God and neighbor — the great commandment
  • Catholic
  • ~1.3B · rooted in Rome · sacraments, papal authority, apostolic succession
  • Orthodox
  • ~220M · rooted in the East · iconography, conciliar tradition, mystical theology
  • Protestant
  • ~900M · born of the Reformation · sola scriptura, sola fide, many denominations
  • WORLD RELIGIONSCHRISTIANITY
Slide 06

Arabia · 7th century CE

  • Folio VI · The Way of Submission
  • Islam
  • Adherents~1.9 billion
  • ScriptureQur’an, Hadith
  • ProphetMuhammad ﷺ
  • Five Pillars — Shahada (testimony), Salat (prayer), Zakat (charity), Sawm (fasting in Ramadan), Hajj (pilgrimage)
  • Tawhid — the absolute oneness of God (Allah)
  • Sunni (~85%) and Shia (~15%) — differing on succession after the Prophet
  • “In the name of God, the Most Compassionate, the Most Merciful.” — Bismillah, opening of the Qur’an
  • WORLD RELIGIONSISLAM
Slide 07

Punjab · 15th century CE

  • Folio VII · One God, One Humanity
  • Sikhism
  • Adherents~30 million
  • FounderGuru Nanak (1469–1539)
  • ScriptureGuru Granth Sahib
  • Ik Onkar — one God, formless, present in all
  • Equality — rejection of caste; the langar (free communal meal) for all
  • Seva — selfless service as devotion in action
  • Lineage of ten Gurus, culminating in the eternal Guru: the scripture itself
  • “There is no Hindu, there is no Muslim — only the path of God.” — attributed to Guru Nanak
  • WORLD RELIGIONSSIKHISM
Slide 08

Bahá’í, Jain, Zoroastrian & Indigenous Traditions

  • Folio VIII · Further Lights
  • Smaller in number, vast in influence — these traditions illuminate corners of the human conversation with the sacred.
  • Bahá’í
  • ~8M · Founded 19th c. Persia by Bahá’u’lláh. Unity of religions, oneness of humanity, progressive revelation.
  • Jainism
  • ~5M · Ancient India. Ahimsa (radical non-violence), asceticism, plurality of viewpoints (anekantavada).
  • Zoroastrianism
  • ~120K · Ancient Persia, prophet Zarathustra. Cosmic battle of light and darkness; good thoughts, words, deeds.
  • Indigenous
  • Hundreds of traditions worldwide — place-based, ancestral, oral. Land as kin, ceremony as remembrance.
  • ✿
  • Also: Shinto in Japan, Cao Dai in Vietnam, Rastafari in the Caribbean, Yoruba and African diaspora religions, neo-pagan revivals — the world’s spiritual map is dense.
  • WORLD RELIGIONSFURTHER TRADITIONS
Slide 09

Common Patterns Across Traditions

  • Folio IX · What They Share
  • Beneath the differences, religions tend to weave the same four threads.
  • Ritual
  • Marked time. Bodily practice. Festival, prayer, fasting, pilgrimage — the choreography of belief.
  • Ethics
  • Codes of conduct. Compassion, honesty, justice, restraint — the Golden Rule appears nearly everywhere.
  • Narrative
  • Sacred story: creation, fall, exile, return, awakening. We are creatures who locate ourselves through tales.
  • Community
  • Sangha, ummah, ekklesia, kehillah. Belief is rarely a private matter; it lives in shared life.
  • “Religions are not so much answers as they are habits of attention — ways a community has learned to look at the world together.”
  • WORLD RELIGIONSCOMMON PATTERNS
Slide 10

Conceptions of Divinity, Salvation, Time

  • Folio X · Where the Roads Part
  • Conception of the Divine
  • Monotheist — Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Sikhism, Bahá’í: one God, often personal.
  • Non-theist or trans-theist — Buddhism, Jainism: liberation without a creator-deity.
  • Pantheist / pluralist — many Hindu schools, Indigenous traditions: divinity diffused through reality.
  • Salvation / Liberation
  • Grace — Christianity, Pure Land Buddhism: rescue from beyond the self.
  • Effort — Theravada Buddhism, Jainism: self-discipline as the path.
  • Covenant — Judaism: faithfulness to relationship.
  • Submission — Islam: alignment to God’s will.
  • Shape of Time
  • Linear — Abrahamic faiths: creation → history → consummation.
  • Cyclical — Hindu, Buddhist, Jain: aeons turning, rebirth and dissolution.
  • Mythic-present — many Indigenous traditions: the sacred time always now.
  • Population — Adherents (millions)
  • WORLD RELIGIONSDIFFERENCES
Slide 11

The Rise of the Religiously Unaffiliated

  • Folio XI · The Quiet Tide
  • In many countries, “none” is now the fastest-growing answer to the question of religion.
  • Roughly 1.2 billion people worldwide identify as unaffiliated — atheist, agnostic, or simply “nothing in particular.” That makes the “nones” the third-largest grouping after Christians and Muslims.
  • The shift is sharpest in Western Europe, North America, parts of East Asia, and Australia — where institutional trust has frayed and individual choice in matters of meaning has become the norm.
  • Yet “unaffiliated” rarely means “unspiritual”: many of the nones still pray, meditate, or believe in something beyond.
  • WORLD RELIGIONSSECULARISM
Slide 12

Religion’s Persistence

  • Folio XII · Why It Endures
  • Across centuries of prediction, the religious impulse has not vanished. It rearranges, but it does not retire.
  • Meaning
  • Humans seek a frame for suffering and joy that is larger than the self. Science explains how; religion has long answered why.
  • Community
  • Belonging is a need, not a luxury. Congregations, sanghas, ummahs — these gather lonely lives into shared ones.
  • Ritual
  • Birth, marriage, mourning, harvest. Even secular societies improvise rituals because the body needs marked time.
  • “A human being is the kind of creature that builds altars — if not to gods, then to ancestors, nations, ideals, or art. The forms shift; the gesture remains.”
  • Whatever the future holds, the questions religions ask — about love, death, justice, and what is worth living for — will outlast any particular answer.
  • WORLD RELIGIONSPERSISTENCE
Slide 13

Closing & References

  • Folio XIII · To Read Further
  • A short bibliography for those who would walk further.
  • Books
  • Huston Smith — The World’s Religions
  • Karen Armstrong — A History of God; The Great Transformation
  • Stephen Prothero — God Is Not One
  • Diana Eck — Encountering God
  • Wendy Doniger — The Hindus: An Alternative History
  • Reza Aslan — No god but God
  • Sources of Data
  • Pew Research Center — Global Religious Landscape reports
  • World Religion Database (Boston University)
  • Encyclopaedia Britannica — comparative religion articles
  • BBC Religions archive
  • Watch
  • YouTube World religions, comparative
  • YouTube Religious traditions, overview
  • ✿
  • “In the house of the Lord there are many rooms.” — and in the human spirit, many windows.
  • Finis · Folio XIII of XIII
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